|
Cellulosic sugars are derived from non-food biomass (e.g. wood, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste).〔“(Cellulosic Sugars: Unlocking Biomass’ Potential )”, Nexant, (2012), p.1-2〕 The biomass is primarily composed of carbohydrate polymers cellulose, hemicellulose, and an aromatic polymer (lignin). The hemicellulose is a polymer of mainly five-carbon sugars C5H10O5 (xylose).〔(Xylose ), Material Measurement Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), (2011)〕 and the cellulose is a polymer of six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 (glucose).〔(Glucose ), Material Measurement Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), (2011)〕 Cellulose fibers are considered to be a plant’s structural building blocks and are tightly bound to lignin, but the biomass can be deconstructed using Acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, organosolv dissolution, autohydrolysis or supercritical hydrolysis. Biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignocellulose) contain vast amounts of fermentable sugars. These sugars may be produced from a wide variety of feedstocks and can be converted into a multitude of biochemical, biofuel, and polymer products by either biological or chemical routes.〔(Renmatix Facilities ), Retrieved 23 June 2015]〕 ==Industrial use== In January 2012, BASF invested in Pennsylvania-based (Renmatix ) to produce low-cost, large volume quantities of industrial sugar from lignocellulosic biomass (wood, cane bagasse or straw). Renmatix is currently the only commercial player utilizing supercritical hydrolysis as a route to cellulosic sugar production.〔“(Cellulosic Biofuels Industry Progress Report )”, Advanced Ethanol Council, (2012-2013)〕 Renmatix is working with multiple partners on development of commercial scale facilities with the capability to produce more than 100,000 tons of cellulosic sugars annually.〔“(BASF invests in Renmatix )”, ICIS Green Chemicals, (2012)]〕 The company has a world-class technical center in Pennsylvania and production operations at the Integrated Plantrose Complex (IPC) in Kennesaw, Georgia and the Feedstock Processing Facility (FPF) in Rome, New York.〔“(ICIS Innovation Award Winners, Renmatix and Virent, Announce Collaboration On Bio-based Packaging )”, Retrieved 23 June 2015〕 In June 2013, Renmatix also entered a joint development agreement (JDA) with UPM, a Finnish pulp, paper and timber manufacturer, to convert woody biomass into low-cost sugar intermediates for subsequent downstream processing into biochemicals.〔“(U.S. Biobased Products, Market Potential and Projections Through 2025 )”, United States Department of Agriculture, P.15, (2008)〕 In December 2013, Renmatix and Virent announced a strategic collaboration to convert affordable cellulosic sugars to renewable chemicals and bio-based packaging materials.〔“(McKinsey & Company Releases New Data About Growth in Industrial Biotech Sector at World Congress )” Retrieved 23 June 2015〕 In March 2015, French Energy Group, Total S.A. entered a joint development agreement (JDA) with Renmatix to use the Plantrose technology to extract second-generation sugars from biomass and develop sustainable and profitable biomolecules for products of interest.〔(Third Annual World Congress on Industrial Biotechnology and Bioprocessing ), Toronto, ON, July 11–14, 2006 Retrieved 23 June 2015〕 Biotechnology Penetration in the Chemical Industry 〔“McKinsey & Company Releases New Data About Growth in Industrial Biotech Sector at World Congress” Retrieved 30 July 2015〕 World Biobased Market Penetration 2010-2025 〔“U.S. Biobased Products, Market Potential and Projections Through 2025”, United States Department of Agriculture, P.15, (2008)〕 In the first quarter of 2013, (American Process Inc. ) announced the start-up of cellulosic sugar production using their patented AVAP® technology at their demonstration plant in Thomaston, GA. 〔http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2014/02/26/american-process-biofuels-digests-2014-5-minute-guide/〕 The AVAP process uses ethanol and sulfur dioxide (SO2) to fractionate biomass into it’s pure components: cellulose, hemicellulose sugars and lignin.〔Iakovlev M. SO2-Ethanol-Water Fractionation of Lignocellulosics. Doctoral Thesis, Aalto University, Finland, 2011. http://lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2011/isbn9789526043142/isbn9789526043142.pdf〕〔Retsina T., Pylkkanen V. US 8030039 B1, Method for the production of fermentable sugars and cellulose from lignocellulosic material〕 In early 2013 GranBio, a Brazilian pioneer in biofuels and biochemicals, completed the acquisition of an equity investment in API. 〔http://www.avapco.com/NewsDocs/GranBio-API-press-release-04162013-en.pdf〕 Since that time, API has fermented both five-carbon and six-carbon sugars into high value bio-chemicals and biofuels in partnership with fermentation companies throughout the world. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cellulosic sugars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|